Evolution Korea: 11 Things You're Forgetting To Do
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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is prone to populist tendencies. It's still better than was expected.
The country is searching for a new paradigm of development. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for the ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend forming.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet, beans and other crops. They also raised livestock and produced furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools, and later iron ones. They traded with other countries and introduced block printing to Japan, as well as art styles, a written language, and papermaking.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. In this period the people of Buyeo were part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society that included a monarch as well as high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the rest of the population was peasants. The state collected taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or to build fortifications.
Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje towards the end of the period. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest part of the peninsula, and fought against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety a doctrine. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obeyed by everyone and respected by their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, a nation that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the shapes created by the mouth when it pronounces. This dramatically improved communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also improved. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, or 'History Of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of stone-lined cist graves with precious objects such as amazonite jewellery being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures known as dolmens, made of enormous single stones, are also widespread throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians don't consider to be a legitimate Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje, the most powerful of these states, was diminished by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern territories in Manchuria and the its western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, flourished for a time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to cooperate in order to expand their territories. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters the post-crisis period its development model appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the enormous cost of the old system are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand supporters of the old system seek to keep it in place by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears of job loss.
The academic and policy analysts remain starkly divided as to the extent to these two developments are driving Koreas evolution towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article assesses developments to date, by looking at five phases of the country's political evolution: the illiberal democratic period (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also identifies some key factors that seem to influence these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% believed it was contrary to their religious beliefs. 17 percent said they did not understand it. This level of disbelief is similar to that of the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from earlier species of life.
In the past, most of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and leading them to Christ. In 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the main speakers. This event attracted a huge number of professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The success of this event resulted in the establishment of the Korea Association click here of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The event was extensively covered in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the organization published its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and also some books on the subject that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures at universities and churches throughout the country.
One example of an KACR success story took place at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, enough students were interested in the idea of creationism that they raised the money and support to construct a small museum on campus with creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, which covers topics in the field of creation science. It has also sponsored a series of talks by ICR staff. It has also established a network of local branches that hold seminars and give talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the latter part of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements from overseas. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this time, the famous samulnori or the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers and other musical instruments.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new model of development. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to strike a balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also requires a change in the incentives and monitoring policies that been a part of the system before the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo, was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. Baekje was one of the major regional powers in the early 4th Century expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders on the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye an eminent noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also held control over a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
His rule was however only for a short time. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was later controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly developed into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.